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          细胞生物学绪论
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            <p>包括细胞生物学的概念、研究内容和发展简史等<br>参考书籍《细胞生物学》第四版 翟中和</p>
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<hr>
<img src=" http://img.whl123456.top/image/细胞生物学_第4版_翟中和.png" width="480" height="620" alt="微生物学教程第3版" align=center>

<h2 id="绪论"><a href="#绪论" class="headerlink" title="绪论"></a>绪论</h2><h3 id="细胞生物学的概念"><a href="#细胞生物学的概念" class="headerlink" title="细胞生物学的概念"></a>细胞生物学的概念</h3><p>细胞生物学是指一门研究和揭示细胞基本生命活动规律的科学，它从显微、亚显微与分子水平上研究细胞结构与功能，细胞增殖、分化、代谢、运动、衰老、死亡，以及细胞信号转导，细胞基因表达与调控，细胞起源与进化等重大生命过程。</p>
<p>细胞学与细胞生物学</p>
<h3 id="细胞生物学的研究内容"><a href="#细胞生物学的研究内容" class="headerlink" title="细胞生物学的研究内容"></a>细胞生物学的研究内容</h3><ol>
<li>生物膜与细胞器</li>
<li>细胞信号传导</li>
<li>细胞骨架体系</li>
<li>细胞核、染色体及基因表达</li>
<li>细胞增殖及其调控</li>
<li>细胞分化及干细胞生物学</li>
<li>细胞死亡</li>
<li>细胞衰老</li>
<li>细胞工程</li>
<li>细胞的起源与进化</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="细胞生物学发展简史"><a href="#细胞生物学发展简史" class="headerlink" title="细胞生物学发展简史"></a>细胞生物学发展简史</h3><h4 id="生物科学3个阶段"><a href="#生物科学3个阶段" class="headerlink" title="生物科学3个阶段"></a>生物科学3个阶段</h4><ol>
<li>形态描述阶段，该阶段为19世纪以及更早时期。</li>
<li>实验生物学阶段，该阶段为20世纪的前半个世纪。</li>
<li>精细定性与定量的现代生物学阶段，该阶段为20世纪50年代以来。</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><p>1665年，细胞的发现</p>
<blockquote>
<p>英国学者胡克（Robert Hooke）于1665年用自制的显微镜（放大倍数为40~140倍），观察了软木（树皮）的薄片，第一次描述了植物细胞的构造。</p>
<p>荷兰学者列文虎克（Antony van Leeuwenhoek）用更好的显微镜，观察了许多动植物的活细胞与原生动物，并于1674年在观察鱼的红细胞时描述了细胞核的结构。</p>
<p>意大利的M. Malpighi与英国的N. Grew注意到了植物细胞中细胞壁与细胞质的区别。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>1838—1839年，细胞学说的建立</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li><p>第一阶段</p>
<p>1838~1839年，德国植物学家施莱登和德国动物学家施旺提出“细胞学说”，其基本内容为：</p>
<ul>
<li>细胞是有机体，一切动植物都是由细胞发育而来，并由细胞和细胞产物所构成；</li>
<li>每个细胞作为一个相对独立的单位，既有它“自己的”生命，又对与其他细胞共同组成的整体的生命有所助益；</li>
<li>新的细胞可以通过已存在的细胞繁殖产生。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>第二阶段</p>
<p>1858年，德国医生和病理学家魏尔肖提出“细胞只能来自细胞”、“有机体的一切病理表现都是基于细胞的损伤”等观点。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>细胞学说的意义</strong>：细胞学说是进化论、遗传学等的基石，对于生物学、医学及其各个分支的进一步发展不可缺少。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>细胞学的经典时期（1875—1898年）</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>原生质理论的提出</li>
<li>细胞分裂的研究</li>
<li>细胞器的发现</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>实验细胞学时期（1887—1940年）</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>细胞遗传学<br>细胞遗传学是指主要从细胞学角度，特别是从染色体的结构和功能，以及染色体和其他细胞器的关系来研究遗传现象，阐明遗传和变异的机制的学科，其核心是染色体-基因学说。</li>
<li>细胞生理学<br>细胞生理学是指研究细胞对其周围环境的反应，细胞生长与繁殖的机制，细胞从环境中摄取营养的能力，细胞的兴奋性、收缩性、分泌性，生物膜的主动运输和能量传递与生物电等的学科。</li>
<li>细胞化学<br>细胞化学是指在不破坏细胞结构的情况下，利用生物化学或者物理学方法对细胞内物质进行检测鉴定，从而获得细胞各组分信息的学科。</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>细胞生物学（1941年—）</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>20世纪50年代到60年代<br>随着电子显微镜超薄切片技术的发展，人们对于细胞内部结构的认识达到了一个新的高度，推动了细胞生物学研究发展。</li>
<li>20世纪70年代<br>分子生物学技术引入细胞学，为细胞生物学的建立创造了全新的局面。</li>
<li>20世纪80年代以来<br>细胞生物学向“分子细胞生物学”方向发展。</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>

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